This is manifested in various local wisdoms that are still preserved by the Balinese people. One such local wisdom, applied in various aspects of life, is SUBAK. Understanding Subak, a Balinese local wisdom, is a traditional irrigation system and is linked to customary law, designed to meet the water needs of rice paddies and fields. This was conveyed by I Nyoman Wirajaya, S.H., M.H., an advocate and observer of Balinese cultural traditions and the owner of King Justitia Law Office, during a conversation at his office on Jalan Bypass Ngurah Rai, Sanur, South Denpasar, Denpasar City, Bali, on Wednesday, October 29, 2025.
He further explained that the uniqueness of the Subak irrigation system is reflected in the religious rituals performed by Subak members according to the rice growth stages. This local wisdom in building and managing irrigation systems, passed down from generation to generation, was later recognized by UNESCO as a world cultural heritage in 2012. Violations of Balinese customary rules, namely Subak, a form of local wisdom, certainly have consequences for everyone, including foreign nationals.
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